Fortran 2018 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2018) / November 28, 2018; 3 months ago ( 2018-11-28),,.f,.for,.f90 Major,,,, XL Fortran,,, Lahey/Fujitsu,,,,,,, Visual Fortran, others Influenced by Influenced,,,,,,,,,, Fortran (; formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation ) is a general-purpose, that is especially suited to. Originally developed by in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, FORTRAN came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as,,,,. It is a popular language for and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's. Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have added support for and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77),, and (Fortran 90), (Fortran 95), (Fortran 2003) and (Fortran 2008). Fortran's design was the basis for many other programming languages.

Is because FORTRAN is particularly suitable for science and engineering; it is also very widely available. The skills you acquire working through these notes can be. The PGI Visual Fortran Reference Manual contains general information about PGI's implementation of the Fortran. And pgfortran is used to refer to the command that invokes the compiler. User's Guide. Version 2018 40.

Among the better known is, which is based on FORTRAN II with a number of syntax cleanups, notably better logical structures, and other changes to more easily work in an interactive environment. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Naming [ ] The names of earlier versions of the language through FORTRAN 77 were conventionally spelled in all-capitals (FORTRAN 77 was the last version in which the use of lowercase letters in keywords was strictly non-standard). The capitalization has been dropped in referring to newer versions beginning with Fortran 90. The official language now refer to the language as 'Fortran' rather than all-caps 'FORTRAN'.

An In late 1953, submitted a proposal to his superiors at to develop a more practical alternative to for programming their.: 69 Backus' historic FORTRAN team consisted of programmers Richard Goldberg, Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan,, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller,,. Asetek chill control software download. Its concepts included easier entry of equations into a computer, an idea developed by and demonstrated in the of 1952. A draft specification for The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System was completed by November 1954.: 71 The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956,: 72 with the first FORTRAN delivered in April 1957.: 75 This was the first, because customers were reluctant to use a unless its compiler could generate code with performance comparable to that of hand-coded assembly language.

While the community was skeptical that this new method could possibly outperform hand-coding, it reduced the number of programming necessary to operate a machine by a factor of 20, and quickly gained acceptance. John Backus said during a 1979 interview with Think, the IBM employee magazine, 'Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs.' The language was widely adopted by scientists for writing numerically intensive programs, which encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that could generate faster and more efficient code. The inclusion of a in the language made Fortran especially suited to technical applications such as electrical engineering.

[ ] By 1960, versions of FORTRAN were available for the,,, and computers. Significantly, the increasing popularity of FORTRAN spurred competing computer manufacturers to provide FORTRAN compilers for their machines, so that by 1963 over 40 FORTRAN compilers existed.

For these reasons, FORTRAN is considered to be the first widely used programming language supported across a variety of computer architectures. The development of Fortran paralleled the, and many advances in the theory and design of were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for Fortran programs. Further information: Before the development of disk files, text editors and terminals, programs were most often entered on a keyboard onto 80-column, one line to a card. The resulting deck of cards would be fed into a card reader to be compiled. Punched card codes included no lower-case letters or many special characters, and special versions of the IBM 026 were offered that would correctly print the re-purposed special characters used in FORTRAN. Reflecting punched card input practice, Fortran programs were originally written in a fixed-column format, with the first 72 columns read into twelve 36-bit words. A letter 'C' in column 1 caused the entire card to be treated as a comment and ignored by the compiler.